A child in New York has died of measles, health officials in the state announced late Monday. It marks the first reported measles-associated death in New York in more than 30 years. It is the seventh measles-linked death reported in the US this year; all six of the other deaths were reported in Pennsylvania, which is experiencing a dramatic measles outbreak that has stricken over 1,430 people this year. Prior to the deaths, Pennsylvania hadn’t seen a measles-related death in 35 years.
The boom in vaccine-preventable outbreaks, cases, and tragic deaths is being fueled by slipping vaccination rates nationwide as health misinformation and anti-vaccine sentiments have taken hold. One of the most prominent anti-vaccine activists in the US currently serves as the US health secretary; Robert F. Kennedy Jr. spent decades prior to taking office attacking vaccines and spreading misinformation. He and his anti-vaccine organization, Children’s Health Defense, have been one of the most prolific sources of anti-vaccine content.
Since taking office, Kennedy has waged a multi-front war on vaccines that has included dismantling and obstructing federal vaccine recommendations; launching dubious studies to look for alleged, unspecified harms of vaccines; promoting alleged vaccine injuries; and continuing to spread misinformation about vaccines and vaccine-preventable illnesses.
In a statement, New York Governor Kathy Hochul directly tied the state’s death to Kennedy’s policies and anti-vaccine activism. She called the child’s death “a devastating reminder of what’s at stake when Washington deliberately erodes decades of progress in protecting Americans from preventable illnesses.” She also said she was “heartbroken” by the death, sending her condolences to the family. “As a mother and grandmother, I cannot imagine what this family is going through,” Hochul said. Overall, New York has reported 170 measles cases in over a dozen counties.
Blocked alert
Days before the seventh preventable measles death, The Washington Post reported on Kennedy’s latest push to thwart public health efforts: Career scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—which is under Kennedy’s control—were blocked from publishing an urgent health alert to clinicians regarding the risk and management of measles cases during pregnancy.
Given the previous success of vaccines and vaccination campaigns, many clinicians have never seen such cases in their careers. But measles infections during pregnancy pose severe, life-threatening risks to both pregnant people and fetuses. As such, CDC scientists wanted to issue an informational advisory through the CDC’s Health Alert Network.
But the CDC Director’s Office declined to provide the required approval for the alert, sources told the Post. The scientists have since moved to trying to publish the information in the CDC’s publication, The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). But the peer-review process for the publication is longer than that of an advisory. Further, vaccine-related studies already approved for publication in MMWR have been suspiciously delayed, the Post reported. The scientists are now considering publishing the information outside the agency to avoid onerous clearance. Health officials in Pennsylvania, meanwhile, released their own alert on measles in pregnancy and congenital measles on October 19.
Measles reporting
New York has not released the age of the child who died or any other details about the case. The other sixth deaths reported this year have included babies, including one with congenital measles. The six deaths in Pennsylvania included a newborn with congenital measles, whose mother was severely ill at the time of birth; a 6-week-old who was too young to be vaccinated; a “perfectly healthy” 18-year-old; a 20-year-old with leukemia; a 40-year-old with underlying conditions; and a 39-year-old with underlying conditions. All the deceased were unvaccinated.
Pennsylvania’s health department is currently only reporting five deaths; the department confirmed to Ars Technica on Monday that its investigation into the sixth death, reported by the Franklin County coroner on October 12, is still pending. A Franklin County judge has ordered that information about the death be sealed from public review, and The Philadelphia Inquirer has taken legal action to obtain certain death record details.
The CDC, meanwhile, has reported only three of the seven deaths this year. Kennedy reportedly ordered the CDC to delete some of the early deaths and has since changed how the CDC counts deaths. Instead of the long-standing practice of relaying reports from states, the CDC now relies on federal death records, which can take weeks to come through and are not designed to capture the real-time data needed to respond to an active outbreak.
Overall, the CDC reports over 4,850 measles cases across 47 states and jurisdictions. At least 511 people have been hospitalized. This year’s tally is more than double the total from all of 2025, which was 2,289 cases with three deaths. The 2026 tally is also the largest the country has seen since 1991, prior to measles being declared eliminated from the US in 2000 amid high vaccination rates.

Some say it feels like a sudden burst of anguish; others liken it more to homesickness. The sudden onset of a sinking, upsetting feeling due to nipple stimulation is anecdotally known as Sad Nipple Syndrome (SNS), and for Sandra, it can be triggered by something as commonplace as putting on a shirt.
“I was probably a child when I first noticed: ‘Why does touching my nipple make me sad?’” says the 28-year-old. The sensation seemed to happen at random, and without the words to describe it, she kept it a secret. It wasn’t until college that she worked up the courage to Google it. “I realized I wasn’t crazy,” she says.
There are many others like Sandra (who, for privacy, has asked to use a pseudonym). Breastfeeding mothers, queer lovers and cis men alike have all sought an explanation for this phenomenon.
What is Sad Nipple Syndrome (SNS)?
Sad Nipple Syndrome is often discovered in private. People describe it as a sudden dysphoria (a profound state of unhappiness or uneasiness) that follows nipple stimulation. It is often resolved within a couple of minutes, but can cause confusion and disruption.
I spoke to four people who experience SNS, and each described similar negative feelings. Sandra described it as “dread, a nostalgic sadness or the feeling of a bad memory”. Salma Zaky, a New York-based comedian who has talked about her SNS on stage, says she can “tell if a woman has gone through it – they’ll light up or clap”. Zaky likens it to a mix of homesickness or nostalgia.
For Sandra, the most common trigger is a light, unexpected touch when changing clothes or towel drying. Its intensity can vary depending on the circumstances. For instance, if she triggers the feeling on her own with light touch, “the negative feelings tend to persist for more than just a few seconds,” says Sandra. If there is sustained friction with her clothing, she sometimes feels “deep grief”.
Their sentiments are echoed in thousands of online posts asking whether anyone else experiences the “nipple touch of doom”. In the absence of a formal clinical diagnosis, most people’s understanding of Sad Nipple Syndrome has come from word of mouth or chatter online.
“Reddit was helpful in just being like: ‘Oh, I’m not an insane person,” says Zaky. “Other people feel this too.”
What do scientists think is happening in SNS?
SNS is not an official medical diagnosis, and scientific research remains in short supply. That said, awareness is growing, even among researchers and medical practitioners.
As with many conditions that primarily affect women’s intimate or hormonal experiences, there is not much medical curiosity, funding or research. “While there is no explanation yet, we can assume that the hormone oxytocin is somehow involved, since nipple stimulation leads to its release,” says Dr Vladimír Kraus, PhD, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at Pavol Jozef Šafárik University.
Oxytocin is often referred to as the “love hormone”. Largely responsible for bonding and increased emotional connectivity, it is triggered by physical touch like hugging, massage or sex, and also after uterine contractions during childbirth or breastfeeding. When it comes to its role in SNS, Kraus theorizes that “some subtle changes may cause the [oxytocin signaling pathway] to go haywire and [could] be responsible for the surprisingly prompt and very negative feeling experienced”.
There are no SNS-specific studies, but there are two more well-studied conditions that are similar enough to help us understand it. The first is dysphoric milk ejection reflex, or D-MER, which occurs during breastfeeding. It is an emotional response to the milk letdown, the moment where milk starts flowing out of the milk duct. People commonly describe the sudden rush of emotion as homesickness, sadness, loss of hope, worthlessness, shame and guilt, according to Alia Macrina Heise, an international board-certified lactation consultant and an expert on D-MER in Naples, New York. “It is disruptive to the duration of lactation and to the mother’s experience of breastfeeding and bonding,” she says.
SNS and D-MER present identically, and are also similar to post-coital dysphoria, says Heise. While SNS and D-MER are focused on nipple stimulation, the negative feelings people experience with post-coital dysphoria occur after the hormonal spike of orgasm. Anyone who has one of these conditions “will describe the embodied emotional sensations basically exactly the same way, even though the cause and the trigger is different”, says Heise.
The prevailing theory is that these three conditions involve a “hormonal cocktail inside the body”, says Heise.
The two most relevant hormones are prolactin and dopamine. This cocktail Heise refers to affects every human in a multitude of ways. “Prolactin and dopamine have a known relationship inside the human body – male, female, breastfeeding, not breastfeeding, in sexual arousal, in orgasm,” says Heise. Prolactin also contributes to weight control, immunoregulation, stress adaptation and maternal behavior.
Meanwhile, dopamine drives the brain’s reward system, playing a key role in movement, pleasure, desire, motivation and thinking. “Dopamine is often called prolactin’s gatekeeper,” explains Heise. In order for prolactin to flow into the body, dopamine has to allow prolactin through in order to complete one of its many jobs.
It’s possible that what happens in SNS, D-MER and post-coital dysphoria has to do with the way prolactin and dopamine go about their daily duties. One possible explanation is “inappropriate dopamine activity”, says Heise, who first heard a colleague mention SNS in the 2000s. “With dopamine being a mood stabilizer, that inappropriate activity is causing a mood destabilization that lasts for a very short amount of time.”
There is a growing body of research focused on D-MER, but to truly understand these conditions, we need more specialized studies. Without a clearer picture, sufferers are left feeling alone and “crazy”. Even if they work up the courage to ask their doctor about it, most medical professionals don’t have enough experience with these conditions to recommend treatment.
Techniques for reducing the severity of symptoms are mostly experimental. “One of the tricks that we’ve found helps the most by also targeting the dopamine system is cold therapy,” says Heise, who’s worked with thousands of breastfeeding mothers with D-MER. “Mothers drinking ice water or putting cold wraps around the back of their neck and cooling down their face and mouth receptors before letdown significantly eases the symptoms because it increases prolactin levels.” But whether this trick works for people with SNS is unknown.
How does SNS affect people?
Unexplained physical phenomena can be confusing and distressing, especially when they involve intimate body parts. The impact of SNS goes beyond the brief sensations, to shame and confusion over what they might mean.
Without formal answers from the medical community, many have developed theories about the causes, including forgotten sexual trauma, questions about one’s sexuality and marital doubts. These unfounded explanations can do real harm.
Kraus says SNS has rarely come up in his practice, but those who experience it often feel concerned “about their mental state or fear that they don’t like their partner or sex”.
As with all sexual preferences or personal boundaries, clear communication is key, experts say. It may also feel challenging or personal for partners of people who experience SNS.
“This isn’t about you, and it isn’t rejection,” says Dr Jennifer Lincoln, a board-certified OB-GYN and author in Portland, Oregon. “Talk about it outside the bedroom, agree on a signal to pause or change what’s happening, and let the person with the reaction lead.”
It can be tricky to bring up something you might not even know the name for, feel ashamed of or confused by. But talking about it can be helpful.
“Even just naming [Sad Nipple Syndrome] helps a lot, because many people think they’re going crazy – or with D-MER, that they are a bad mother,” says Lincoln. Similarly, shame can arise when SNS leads to negative experiences during sex and intimacy.
“I just avoid any nipple stuff during sex now, and it’s completely fine,” says Zaky.
“It pretty much has not impacted my sex life at all,” says Sandra. “I think the hardest part was simply feeling like a weird freak, and having a reaction that can’t be explained.”
Ivana Rihter is a writer in Chicago whose work has appeared in Vogue, Vanity Fair, Slate, Nylon and more

Washington state health officials this week reported what is believed to be the first bird flu death of the year.
The person who died was a resident of Yakima County, in south central Washington on the border with Oregon, who was hospitalized with “severe illness,” authorities noted.
Officials said the person contracted bird flu, also known as avian influenza, following exposure to infected cattle. They had underlying health conditions, according to the Yakima Health District.
Public health specialists said the death is a reminder that bird flu is still present and circulating.
“While we haven’t heard much about it, maybe in the last year or so, the virus has not gone away because there have been periodic detections of this [bird flu] in dairy cattle,” Andrew Pekosz, professor and vice chair of the W. Harry Feinstone department of molecular microbiology and immunology at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, told ABC News.
According to Pekosz, “the sequence of the virus” shows that it has remained active.
“It’s sort of the same virus that has been around for a couple of years now,” he said. “So, this all indicates that the virus continues to spread in dairy cows.”
Washington state has recorded three cases of bird flu so far this year, all associated with people who either work at dairy farms or were in contact with infected dairy cows, according to local reports.
Pekosz said he agrees with local health officials that the risk to the general public is low and that most people do not need to be concerned. However, he said the death is a reminder to public health officials to be more aware of bird flu viruses.
He added that there is also mild concern about bird flu cases in humans being confirmed as seasonal influenza start to spread, arriving early in several parts of the country.
Data from the Washington State Department of Health shows that influenza activity in the state is elevated and increasing.
Experts have previously said recombination of bird flu and seasonal influenza is unlikely because bird flu is not yet showing evidence of person-to-person transmission.
“We need to keep our eye on that because there still is a possibility that this virus could mutate, pick up the genetic capacity to spread readily from human to human,” Dr. William Schaffner, a professor of preventive medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, told ABC News. “It can’t do that at the present time, although it can in … people with chronic illnesses, such as this person in the state of Washington who unfortunately died of a bird flu illness.”
Schaffner and Pekosz said this is a reminder for people to get their seasonal influenza vaccine if they have not done so already, and that it’s not too late.
“Influenza started early in many parts of the country, including my own,” Schaffner said. “But remember, flu lasts throughout December into January and into February and even beyond. So, there’s plenty of winter to come, during which you want to have as much protection against severe disease that the vaccine can provide.”

Halloween may be over, but the horrors in your pantry persist.
While cereal’s a quick and convenient breakfast option, it’s important to pay attention to key nutritional details like fiber and sugar content.
However, some important information may be missing from the label, including hidden toxins inside beloved brands, even those marketed as “natural.”
It may not come as a surprise that kids’ cereals are getting unhealthier.
Beyond having more fat, sugar and sodium, many also feature harmful chemicals disguised as “healthier-for-you” ingredients.
The nonprofit Clean Label Project independently tested 77 cereal brands, including both sugary staples and seemingly more nutritious options.
If you’re cuckoo for cocoa, you may want to consider another option. Cereals made with cocoa, chocolate or cacao contained more than two times as much lead as those without them.
The type of grain used matters too. Rice-based cereals had 12 times the amount of arsenic found in other grains. Those made with wheat or oat contained 2.5 times more acrylamide than rice or corn options.
While it’s not wholly clear what health risks acrylamide poses to humans, high doses cause cancer in animals.
Glyphosate, an herbicide used to kill weeds, was also found in high amounts across the tested products, with just four cereals accounting for 81% of the total level.
And while chlormequat has previously been found in cereals, prompting EPA investigations into two household brands, it’s not the only pesticide lurking in cereal boxes.
Additionally, methoxyfenozide, acetamiprid and metalaxyl were all detected, as these pesticides are all commonly used on grain crops found in cereals.
In an ironic twist, the cereals loaded with added sugar and processed ingredients had lower contaminant levels.
These less nutritious options may have fewer toxins because plant-based ingredients naturally carry a higher risk of contaminants like heavy metals from soil and pesticides used in farming.
The good news is that no bisphenol A — better known as the harmful chemical BPA — or bisphenol S (BPS) were found in any of the cereals tested, an improvement from the group’s 2018 testing.
While Clean Label Project didn’t list the worst offending cereals, they found four brands that met most of their criteria for ingredient quality and nutritional value.
These included Arrowhead Mills Puffed Kamut, Lovebird Cinnamon O’s, Love Grown Power O’s and Three Wishes Cinnamon.
However, just because a cereal is low in contaminants doesn’t automatically make it a healthy choice.
Likewise, a cereal that contains good amounts of fiber, protein or other nutrients may also have higher levels of pesticides, heavy metals and other toxins.

“We’ve learned a lot in the last 10 years on risks and benefits, newer drugs have entered the market, and that made us look back at the data,” Pier said. “This is a challenging review process, and making sure we have the highest quality recommendations takes time.”
Hormone therapy replaces declining levels of estrogen and, for some patients, adds progesterone or a related hormone. Treatments come in pills, patches, sprays, gels, and vaginal rings, delivering hormones into the bloodstream to relieve menopause symptoms.
One of the oldest drugs, Premarin, contains estrogen derived from the urine of pregnant horses. Newer treatments often use estradiol, a form of estrogen manufactured from plant-based materials.
Menopause typically occurs around age 50, when menstrual periods permanently stop, but symptoms can begin years earlier and linger for years afterward. Surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation can also trigger menopause earlier.
ACOG says half to nearly all women in menopause have symptoms such as hot flashes, mood swings, night sweats, irregular periods, brain fog, and physical or skin changes. Between 16 and 66 percent report sleep disruption, and more than a third of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women worldwide report symptoms of depression.
The federal government this month announced steps to expand menopause treatment options, including efforts to remove broad FDA boxed warnings from hormone therapies and approving generic versions of Premarin, an estrogen medication, and the first generic hormone therapy patch, Climara Pro. The FDA has also approved a new non-hormonal drug for hot flashes, while federal health officials are promoting vaginal estrogen treatment and expanding breast cancer screening initiatives.
Is hormone therapy safe?
Yes, and for most women, it should often be the first option.
“It’s not really new, but it’s more formal,” said Dr. Deborah Susan Kwolek, a primary care physician who leads the Mass General Women’s Health and Sex and Gender Medicine Program and is a Menopause Society certified practitioner. “We have ways to treat these symptoms.”
She pointed out that both ACOG and the American College of Physicians now call hormone therapy first-line treatment. It gives doctors “permission to not be afraid of prescribing.”
The fear traces to the early 2000s, when a Women’s Health Initiative study linked hormone therapy to higher risks of stroke and breast cancer. Pier said the new analyses, which break the risks down by age, show the risks associated with HRT were found to be highest in women older than 60.
For women under 60, or within 10 years of their first menopausal symptoms, he said, the risk is “exceptionally low.” That timing is the central message.
“This is where we can really guide our patients,” he said.
What if you can’t take hormones?
Doctors say antidepressants like SSRIs and SNRIs are typically recommended for women who can’t or don’t want to take hormonal drugs.
The new guidelines also add a new FDA-approved option of nonhormonal drugs called neurokinin receptor antagonists that target hot flashes in the brain.
For mood symptoms, the guidelines conditionally recommend cognitive behavioral therapy. Kwolek said herbal supplements lack enough evidence to be recommended.
Women with complicated histories, such as breast cancer survivors or those with clotting disorders, should bring them up with their doctor early, Pier said. The guidelines flag that tamoxifen can interact with some antidepressants. He also noted that some non-hormonal drugs ease hot flashes and sleep problems but not vaginal dryness or irritation.
If your doctor is dismissive, Kwolek suggests looking for a clinician with the Menopause Society’s “MSCP” designation. There aren’t enough of them, she said, but the Menopause Society’s website has a directory.
What about the estrogen shortage?
Patients are still feeling it.
Kwolek said estrogen patches remain in short supply and she expects it to “get worse before it gets better.” Most estrogen products are generic, and she doesn’t see a big financial incentive for manufacturers to ramp up.
Her advice is not to go without. Many women can switch for a while to pills, a spray, or vaginal forms, and go back to the patch when it’s available.
What about testosterone/peptides?
Testosterone has become a social media favorite, and Kwolek said patients are asking for it. She prescribes it sometimes but doesn’t push it.
“The data is not convincing,” she said. It may boost sexual desire for some women, but she said the evidence for other claims, like building muscle, is weak. There is also no FDA-approved testosterone product for women, so prescriptions rely on off-label use and extra paperwork.
Pier said more patients are trying it without consulting a doctor.
“We’re seeing patients who come in with misinformation or have been to facilities that provide off-label testosterone or other hormones, and we need to combat that with data,” he said.
Kwolek said more women are also asking about peptides, which have become trendy among women navigating menopause. Often marketed for sleep, weight loss, libido, and longevity, these treatments have not been FDA-approved for menopause.
“If I give you a prescription, I’m confident this will help you,” she said. “If I recommend a supplement, I don’t know if it’ll help or hurt you.”
What about perimenopause?
Perimenopause, the years of irregular periods and shifting symptoms before menopause, isn’t the focus of these guidelines. Kwolek, who sees many perimenopausal patients, said the term has become trendy.
She said hormones are only part of the picture for women in their 40s and 50s who typically come to the hospital exhausted, moody, and sleeping badly. They often also care for kids and aging parents, work, and look for answers or quick fixes.
“Twenty years ago, people weren’t coming in saying, I’ve got perimenopause,” she said. “You might have aches and pains from playing tennis too much, or your kids are keeping you up, or your parents are sick. The 40s and 50s sandwich generation is stretched thin.”
Heavy periods can also cause iron deficiency and fatigue. For some perimenopausal patients, she prescribes contraception to manage symptoms.